Nattoblog
NattÅ (ç´è±?) is a traditional Japanese food product made from fermented soybeans, popular especially at breakfast. A rich source of protein, nattÅ and the soybean paste miso formed a vital source of nutrition in feudal Japan. With an acquired taste due to its powerful smell and sticky consistency, in Japan nattÅ is most popular in the eastern Kanto region.
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Appearance and consumption
The first thing noticed by the uninitiated after opening a pack of natto is the very strong smell, akin to strong cheese. Stirring the natto produces lots of spiderweb-like strings. The natto itself has a somewhat nutty, savory flavor that belies its odor. Foreigners in Japan trying natto for the first time generally tend to either love it or hate it.
Natto is most commonly eaten at breakfast to accompany rice, possibly with some other ingredients, for example soy sauce, mustard, scallions, grated daikon, okra, or a raw quail egg. In Hokkaido and northern Tohoku region, some people dust natto with sugar. Natto is also commonly used in other foods, such as natto sushi, natto toast, in miso soup, salad, as an ingredient in okonomiyaki, or even with spaghetti or as fried natto. A dried form of natto, having little odor or sliminess, can be eaten as a nutritious snack. There is even natto ice cream.
Natto is often considered an acquired taste and causes many different reactions in people. Some people love the taste and the aroma of natto, whereas other people hate the smell and the appearance. The taste of natto can differ greatly between people (perhaps due to genetic variation?) - some find it tastes very strong and cheesy and may use it in small amounts to flavor rice or noodles, while others find it tastes "bland and unremarkable", requiring the addition of flavoring condiments such as mustard and soy sauce. Some manufacturers produce an odorless or low-odor natto. The split opinion about its appearance and taste might be compared to Vegemite in Australia and New Zealand, haggis in Scotland, blue cheese in France, lutefisk in Norway and Sweden, and Marmite in the UK. Even in Japan, natto is more popular in some areas than in others. Natto is known to be popular in the eastern Kanto region (Tokyo), but less popular in Kansai (Osaka, Kobe). About 50,000 tons of natto are consumed in Japan each year.
Production process
Natto is made from soybeans, usually a special type called natto soybeans. Smaller beans are preferred, as the fermentation process will be able to reach the center of the bean more easily. The beans are washed and soaked in water for 12 to 20 hours. This will increase the size of the beans. Next, the soybeans are steamed for 6 hours, although a pressure cooker can be used to reduce the time. The beans are mixed with a special sauce containing salt, sugar, and yeast and the rice straw bacterium Bacillus natto, known as nattÅ-kin in Japanese. Other ingredients may be added by some manufacturers. From this point on, care has to be taken to keep the ingredients away from impurities and other bacteria. The mixture is fermented at 40°C for up to 24 hours. Afterwards the natto is cooled, then aged in a refrigerator for up to one week to add stringiness. During the aging process at a temperature of about 0°C, the Bacilli develop spores, and enzymatic peptidases break down the soybean protein into its constituent amino acids.
Historically, natto was made by storing the steamed soy beans in rice straw, which naturally contains B. natto. The natto was packed in straw and then left to ferment by itself. The fermentation was done either while the beans were buried underground underneath a fire or stored in a warm place in the house as for example under the kotatsu.
End product
Today's mass-produced natto is usually sold in small polystyrene containers. A typical package contains 2 to 4 containers, each of 40 to 50 g. One container typically complements a small bowl of rice. It usually includes a small packet of soy sauce-based seasoning and another packet of yellow mustard. Other flavors of sauce, such as shiso, are available.
Mito City and Kumamoto Prefecture are famous as natto-producing districts.
Outside of Japan, natto is sometimes sold frozen, and must be thawed before consumption.
History
The materials and tools needed to produce natto (soybeans and straw) were commonly available in Japan since ancient times, so the discovery could have happened as early as in the Jomon period. It may also be possible that the product was discovered independently by numerous people at different times. The sources differ about the earliest origin of natto. One source puts the first use of natto in the Jomon period between 10,000 BC to 300 BC.[citation needed] Another story is that Yoshiie Minamoto was on a battle campaign in northeastern Japan between 1056 and 1063 and another campaign between 1086 and 1088 when one day in 1083 they got attacked while boiling soybeans for their horses. They hurriedly packed up the beans, and did not open the straw bags until a few days later, at which time the beans had fermented. The soldiers ate it anyway, and liked the taste, so they offered some to their commander Yoshiie Minamoto who also liked the taste. A third source calls the origin of natto fairly recent from the Edo period (1603 to 1867).[citation needed]
One significant change in the production of natto happened in the Taisho period (1912 - 1926), when researchers discovered a way to produce the natto yeast containing the Bacillus natto without the need for straw. This greatly simplified the production process and enabled more consistent results.
Medical benefits
Natto is claimed to have many medical benefits, and Japanese often say that eating natto is good for your health. Some of these claims are backed by medical research. Natto for example contains a compound Pyrazine, which not only gives natto its distinct smell, but also reduces the likelihood of blood clotting. An enzyme nattokinase may also reduce blood clotting both by direct fibrinolysis of clots, and inhibition of the plasma protein plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. This may help to avoid thrombosis, as for example in heart attacks, pulmonary embolism, or strokes. An extract from natto containing nattokinase is available as a dietary supplement. Studies have shown that oral administration of nattokinase leads to a mild enhancement of fibrinolytic activity in rats and dogs. It is therefore plausible to hypothesize that nattokinase might reduce blood clots in humans, although clinical trials have not been conducted.
Natto also contains large amounts of Vitamin K, which is involved in the formation of calcium-binding groups in proteins, assisting the formation of bone, and preventing osteoporosis. Vitamin K1 is found naturally in seaweed, liver and some vegetables, while vitamin K2 is found in fermented food products like cheese and miso. Natto has very large amounts of vitamin K2, approximately 870 micrograms per 100 grams of natto.
Natto also contains many chemicals alleged to prevent cancer, as for example daidzein, genistein, infrabin, phytoestrogen, and the chemical element selenium. However, most of these chemicals can also be found in other soy bean products, and their effect on cancer prevention is uncertain at best. Some sources also claim that natto has a cholesterol-lowering effect.[citation needed]
Natto is also said to have an antibiotic effect, and was used as medicine against dysentery by the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. Furthermore, natto is said to improve digestion, reduce the effects of aging, and to prevent obesity, although this seems to be based only on an analysis of the chemicals contained in natto, and not on any medical study.
Natto is also sometimes used as an ingredient of pet food, and it is claimed that this improves the health of the pets.
Iron Chef Natto Battle
Natto was a theme ingredient in an episode of the Japanese hit television show Iron Chef, a cooking competition which has gained a cult following in the United States. The format follows that a challenger would take on an "Iron Chef," one of three (later four) Japanese chefs representing Japanese, French, Chinese and Italian styles of cuisine in Japan. After a one-hour battle where the chefs (each with two assistants) would create dishes that best showcased the theme ingredient. The dishes would be judged by a panel and the chef with the highest score would be declared the winner.
Originally aired on Fuji Television on October 23, 1998, the Natto Battle episode pitted challenger Kumamoto Tatsutoshi, a staunch defender of traditional Japanese cuisine vs. Iron Chef Japanese Masaharu Morimoto, who desires to expand Japanese cuisine by introducing decidedly non-Japanese elements and cooking techniques. At the time Iron Chef was in production, Morimoto was the head chef of Nobu in New York City â he commuted between New York and Tokyo â but has since opened his own restaurant, Morimoto's, in Philadelphia and is reportedly in the process of opening a second restaurant. Morimoto is also one of the chefs of Food Network's series Iron Chef America.
The back story of the Natto Battle episode was that Kumamoto Tatsutoshi's employer, Tadamichi Ohta, who made several appearances throughout the original production of the series, disparaged what he felt was the corruption of Japanese cuisine. Morimoto's philosophy is to create "international Japanese" dishes.
Tatsutoshi's dishes were:
- ⢠Natto and yuba
- ⢠Natto and filefish with a sauce made from the filefish's liver; served in bowls made from hollowed-out oranges
- ⢠Abalone, daikon and natto stew
- ⢠Natto and miso soup
- ⢠Matsutake and Natto rice ball
Morimoto's dishes were:
- ⢠Steamed oyster and natto with sea urchin
- ⢠Natto sausage (with kim chee) and vegetables in a mayonnaise-based sauce
- ⢠Hot and sour soup with natto and Thai herbs
- ⢠Rice soup with grilled natto
- ⢠Natto desert, featuring sweetened natto soaked in Coca Cola and served in coconut milk
The Natto Battle was won by Iron Chef Morimoto by a 3-1 margin, with a final score of 76-72.
See also
Other fermented soy foods include: Japanese miso, Chinese dòuchÇ (fermented black beans) & chòu dòufu (stinky tofu), and Indonesian tempeh. Note that amanatto is not nattÅ, but rather, beans sweetened with sugar.
